A total knee replacement, or a total knee arthroplasty, involves removing damaged portions of the knee structure and replacing them with man-made prosthetics. Typically made of titanium, plastics, ceramics, or metal alloys, implants are designed to mimic the position and shape of natural bone allowing for a near normal range of motion.

Common reasons for undergoing a total knee replacement:

• Severe pain
• Stiffness
• Chronic inflammation
• Degeneration
• Difficulty performing everyday tasks
• Mild knee deformity bowing inward or outward

Total knee replacements can produce excellent results, but are typically reserved for those who have exhausted other treatment options. Future revision procedures to repair or replace worn components can occur, due to the frequent use and weight-bearing requirements of the knee.

Structure of the Knee

The knee joint is comprised of the femur (thigh bone), tibia (shin bone), and the patella (kneecap). The patella is a triangle shaped bone embedded within the tendons above the knee. The two large knob like protrusions at the base of the femur are called the femoral condyles. The weight bearing portions of the condyles are the focus of most total knee replacements. Tendons and ligaments surround the joint to stabilize and protect the knee. Tendons and ligaments many be removed in a total knee replacement based on their condition.

Types of Implants

There are many different types of implants available to address the specific condition of a patient’s knee. Most implants are comprised of a curved metal cap that is attached to the femur and component attached to the tibia. Tibial components can vary, but typically consist of a plate or cap anchored to the bone. A bearing is placed on the tibial component often with an attached stem to limit overextension. The patella also may require resurfacing or replacement. To determine the best choice of implant, your doctor will discuss factors such as:

• Age
• Weight
• Knee condition
• Gender
• Activity level
• Surgeon’s experience level

What to Expect in a Total Knee Replacement

Prior to the procedure, extensive X-rays will be taken to determine the condition of the joint, any reshaping required, and detailed measurements used in the procedure. General anesthesia, epidural, or nerve block are used to ensure patient comfort during the procedure. The knee will be placed in a bent position to allow access to the joint surfaces.

Typically, a total knee replacement will take one to three hours to complete once prepped. Procedures can vary based on the type of implant and the surgeon’s technique. Some procedures are aided by 3D imaging and micro-robotic instruments to remove portions of the joint. Other methods utilize guides fixed to the bone and manually remove portions of the joint, protecting the tendons and ligaments. 

Recovery

Incision length depends on the method of the procedure, but all knee replacements require sutures (stitches) or surgical staples that dissolve or are removed within a few weeks. Blood thinners are often recommended after the procedure to reduce the risk of blood clots. Pain and discoloration are common and will subside as healing progresses. Most patients return home in a few days. With physical therapy, a full recovery will typically be achieved in three to six months. At Heiden Orthopedics, our surgical team employs the most advanced surgical procedures in total knee replacement procedures, and focus on conservative treatments to restore knee motion and resolve tears, microfractures, and other painful conditions.